Can a person be excused if he does not pray Jumu’ah or pray in congregation in the mosque, if there is turmoil in his country and he fears for himself if he goes to the mosque, and is afraid that he may be killed, imprisoned or beaten? As these reasons valid excuses for him not praying Jumu’ah or offering prayers in congregation?.

Praise be to Allaah.

We ask Allaah to set the affairs of the Muslims straight, and
keep us and you away from places of turmoil and trials, and to unite them on
the truth, and grant them victory against their enemies, for He is able to
do that. 

Praying in congregation in the mosque is obligatory for men
who are able to do that, and there is a great deal of evidence for that
which has been explained in the answers to questions no.
120 and
8918. 

The obligation of performing prayers in congregation and
Jumu’ah prayers is dependent upon there being no danger to a person’s life
or wealth or family, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“and [Allaah] has not laid upon you in religion any
hardship”

[al-Hajj 22:78]

“Allaah intends for you ease, and He does not want to make
things difficult for you”

[al-Baqarah 2:185] 

Ibn Qudaamah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said in
al-Mughni (1/366): The one who is afraid is excused for not praying in
congregation or praying Jumu’ah, because the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Valid excuses are fear and
sickness.” 

Fear is of three types: fear for oneself, fear for one’s
wealth or property, and fear for one’s family. End quote. 

If a person fears that he may be killed or arrested and
imprisoned unlawfully, then this is regarded as a valid excuse for his not
praying in congregation or praying Jumu’ah, and he may offer these prayers
in his house in order to protect himself. 

But if he prays Jumu’ah in his house, then he should pray it
as Zuhr with four rak’ahs, not like Jumu’ah prayer. 

And Allaah knows best.